Pakistan, like many other nations, faces a multitude of complex challenges to its national security and sovereignty. Among these challenges are terrorism, economic instability, political turmoil, ethnic and sectarian tensions, and regional power rivalries. In this context, the presence of refugees and migrants, whether residing legally or illegally, presents an additional layer of complexity to Pakistan’s national security equation. First and foremost, it is essential to acknowledge that Pakistan has a long history of hosting refugees from neighbouring countries, particularly Afghanistan. For decades, Pakistan has been a refuge for millions of Afghan refugees who fled the protracted conflict in their homeland. This humanitarian act has earned Pakistan international recognition and commendation. However, the situation has evolved, and there are legitimate concerns about the impact of a continued refugee presence on Pakistan’s national security and sovereignty. One of the primary ways in which refugees and migrants contribute to increased threats and challenges in Pakistan is through the potential for infiltration by extremist and terrorist elements. Pakistan has long struggled with domestic terrorism, including attacks by groups like the Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) and other sectarian outfits. The porous border with Afghanistan and the presence of Afghan refugees make it easier for militants to cross into Pakistan, seek shelter among refugee populations, and plan and execute attacks. This infiltration poses a grave threat to Pakistan’s national security. Terrorist attacks on Pakistani soil not only result in loss of life and property but also create an atmosphere of fear and insecurity, undermining the government’s ability to maintain law and order. Pakistan’s military and law enforcement agencies have made significant efforts to counter terrorism, but the refugee population provides a convenient cover for militants. The presence of a large refugee population strains Pakistan’s already fragile economy and resources. Providing essential services such as education, healthcare, and livelihood opportunities to refugees places a considerable burden on the country’s limited resources. This diverts resources away from addressing the needs of its own citizens, exacerbating economic instability and social discontent. The concentration of refugees in certain areas can contribute to ethnic and sectarian tensions. Competition for resources and jobs can lead to friction between the local population and refugees, potentially escalating into violence. This not only threatens social cohesion but also poses a challenge to political stability, as ethnic and sectarian tensions can be exploited by political opportunists. Pakistan faces external pressures related to its hosting of refugees. The international community often expects Pakistan to bear the brunt of the refugee crisis without providing appropriate and adequate commensurate support. This imbalance in burden-sharing can lead to frustration and resentment within Pakistan, further straining its relations with the international community and undermining its sovereignty. Afghanistan’s instability is another critical factor that must be considered in the context of refugees in Pakistan. The ongoing conflict in Afghanistan has created a continuous flow of refugees into Pakistan. As the situation in Afghanistan remains uncertain, there is no end in sight to this influx. Pakistan must prioritize its own security interests in the face of an increasingly unstable neighbor. Furthermore, the issue of border disputes and foreign influence cannot be ignored. The presence of refugees along the border areas can complicate border management and exacerbate disputes with neighboring countries. Additionally, foreign intelligence agencies may exploit the refugee population to advance their agendas, further undermining Pakistan’s sovereignty. Given these challenges, Pakistan’s decision to ask refugees and migrants to leave the country is rooted in a pragmatic assessment of its national security and sovereignty. It is not an easy decision, and it must be executed with due consideration for humanitarian concerns. Pakistan has a responsibility to protect its citizens from the threat of terrorism and extremism. The presence of refugees provides cover for militants and facilitates their activities. To ensure the safety of its citizens, Pakistan must take measures to minimize this threat. The strain on Pakistan’s economy due to the refugee population is unsustainable. Redirecting resources toward refugees at the expense of its own citizens hampers economic growth and stability. Pakistan needs to prioritize the well-being of its citizens to build a stronger and more resilient economy. Ethnic and sectarian tensions fueled by competition for resources and jobs can destabilize the country. By managing the refugee population, Pakistan can reduce the potential for conflict and maintain political stability. Pakistan must assert its sovereignty and negotiate with the international community for fair burden-sharing in addressing the refugee crisis. It cannot continue to bear the disproportionate burden without adequate support. Managing borders effectively is crucial for national security. Reducing the refugee population along border areas can help ease border disputes and enhance border security. While Pakistan has a right to manage its borders and protect its citizens, any decision regarding refugees must be carried out in a humane and organized manner, ensuring the safety and well-being of those affected. International humanitarian standards should be upheld. Pakistan’s decision to ask refugees and migrants to leave is not taken lightly but is driven by the need to address the multifaceted challenges it faces regarding national security and sovereignty. The presence of refugees contributes to internal and external threats, economic instability, and political tensions. Pakistan must prioritize the safety and well-being of its citizens while upholding its humanitarian responsibilities. Ultimately, a well-managed and coordinated approach is essential to navigate these complex issues and ensure a more stable and secure future for Pakistan. Hassan Saleem Awan is a management consultant and former banker. He can be reached at: @hsawan via Twitter.