For many Afghanistani families in Pakistan, the idea of returning home is complicated. How can you return to a place that only exists in your parents’ stories? Despite this, the Pakistani government is tackling illegal immigration with heightened aggression. What started as voluntary repatriation evolved into a nationwide crackdown on Afghans who have been settled for decades.
As UNHCR warns Pakistan of the devastating impacts of abrupt waves of Afghan exits, Pakistan remains firm in its stance. As of June 30, 2025, the government has failed to renew the Proof of Registration Cards and has announced intentions of detainment and deportation of both registered and undocumented Afghans, raising major concerns regarding the future of the estimated 3 million asylum-seekers in Pakistan.
For the longest time, Pakistan has faced the challenge of hosting one of the largest immigrant populations despite limited resources. The Afghans have long considered Pakistan a safe haven from the insecurity at home. Indeed, it can be observed that the major waves of influx of Afghans come directly following the outbreak of great instability. This may be ensuing the 1979 Soviet invasion, the 1990s civil war, the post-2001 US intervention or the Taliban takeover in 2021. Many argue that the hosting of refugees has turned from hospitality to fatigue.
One of the primary concerns is the mounting pressure on resources. The herds of unregistered afghanis, estimated to constitute about half of the total amount, strain the already limited and insufficient schooling and healthcare resources. Furthermore, the devastating housing crisis is exacerbated, resulting in locals competing with immigrants for housing. It’s important to point out here that the average Afghan has a much lower GDP contribution than the average Pakistani due to heavy reliance on the informal sector. Similarly, due to non-citizen status, the Afghan tax direct tax contribution is minimal. The rising inflation and concurrent economic instability amplify the effects. Therefore, host communities sense a feeling of economic competition.
It is particularly difficult to verify identities due to the large proportion of completely undocumented Aghanis as a result of the prior open-border policy.
Perhaps the aspect that receives the greatest level of attention is the security and documentation challenges. Although it’s inappropriate to generalise a direct correlation, it’s notable to state how the unregistered movement complicates security measures. It is particularly difficult to verify identities due to the large proportion of completely undocumented Aghanis as a result of the prior open-border policy. Smuggling routes have largely been considered the most difficult challenge to tackle and have wide-ranging negative impacts. The porous borders, difficult terrain and strong tribal networks culminate in limited control over the Durrand line border, complicating border management efforts. These routes are often used to transport illegal substances across the border without checks, such as guns and narcotics. Moreover, these routes allow the evasion of the customs tax and facilitate the transmission of illegal immigrants.
These factors contribute to the plethora of local resentment for Afghans. Pakistanis feel that they have to compete with Afghans for job opportunities, particularly in low-skilled labour fields. In addition, a greater demand for accommodation means that the rent is driven up. Isolated incidents like the recent suicide bombing attack by an Afghan national in Islamabad further amplify the polarity between the two communities.
Despite the potential socio-economic issues, it’s important to comprehend the plight of the Afghans. Many speak Urdu or Pashto better than Dari and have never seen Afghanistan. The hostile atmosphere has culminated in fear and insecurity for them, as they constantly dread the risk of deportation and police checks. Along with this, losing registration leaves them unable to work formal jobs and send their children to school, leaving them in a limbo state. It’s important to consider how Afghans have contributed quietly yet significantly to Pakistan’s informal economy. Within the labour force, they fill the gaps in the construction, brick kilns and transport industries. Additionally, the micro-scale businesses that they set up, like dry fruit carts and carpet weaving stalls, have notable impacts. What’s particularly notable is that through their hard work and determination, despite coming to Pakistan empty-handed, they are able to make a fruitful living for themselves.
Immigration all around the globe has long been subject to debate. Yes, undocumented residents and border insecurity are critical issues. Yet, it’s possible to address the core problems, such as securing the borders and integrating Afghans. No country should lose control of its borders, although at the same time, it’s important to treat human lives as more than political objects.
The writer is a student.