The one-year anniversary commemorations of the heinous attack on a Peshawar public school were barely over when gunmen once again went from classroom to classroom killing students and staff at a Pakistani university nearby. The sickening attack confirmed that the Taliban are waging a carefully considered ideological war in Pakistan, and the nation’s more than 200,000 public and private schools are now at the front lines. In doing so, they are attacking the one area of Pakistani society where there is clear reason for optimism, as the growth of low-cost private schools in recent decades has given more and more young people, particularly girls, access to education. There are very visible casualties of this strategy: not only Malala Yousafzai, now world-famous and a Nobel laureate, but Aitzaz Hasan, the 15-year-old boy who died preventing a suicide bomber from entering his school in the northern district of Hangu and chemistry professor Hamid Hussain, who died while trying to stave off the Taliban gunmen so his students could escape. Raw revenge is clearly a motive as the Taliban protest against military bombings of their hideouts in the tribal areas. But the Global Terrorism Database shows something more systematic is unfolding. Attacks on all educational institutions in Pakistan have gone up dramatically in recent years: from 82 between 2000 and 2008, to 642 from 2009 to 2013. The data also seem to suggest that the Taliban are shifting tactics. While the earlier attacks appeared largely focused on destroying school buildings, more recent attacks have resulted in more deaths: from 2010 to 2013 the number of fatalities per attack almost quadrupled. The December 16, 2014 attack claimed 10 times as many lives as the next worst attack on education. In economics terms, the Pakistani Taliban have shifted from attacking the supply side of education – the school building and staff – to attacking the demand side – the student. The Taliban have already been successful with this approach on other fronts. Their attacks on polio aid workers have proven effective in disrupting the country’s entire public health system, causing enough doubt in the population and fear in healthcare providers that polio eradication efforts have faltered. Pakistan remains one of just three countries in the world where polio still exists, and the number of reported cases has risen. Now the key area of education – where so much progress has been made – is becoming a target for similar tactics. Together with Jishnu Das of the World Bank, we have been researching Pakistan’s education sector for nearly 20 years. During this time, Pakistan has undergone a transformation in education, with low-cost mainstream private schools now constituting a third of overall enrollment and briskly outperforming government schools in educational outcomes. Girls in particular have benefited from this school boom: more are in school than ever. The number of girls in higher education in Pakistan has exploded during the past decade, and there are now more girls than boys in college. And that means more children overall in Pakistan are getting an education – a particularly important fact for a developing nation where at least a third of the population is of school age. This reality runs against perceptions in the west, where the notion that Pakistan is full of ideologically driven religious schools persists even though enrollment is well below five percent. Research shows that the education debate in Pakistan is similar to the education debate in any other country: parents grapple with a choice of schools based on the usual set of considerations: which of the schools nearby are best? How much should we pay? Is our child getting the best quality education? Perhaps this very normalcy is why the Taliban are stepping up its attacks on schools. The terror group has long gone after army installations, transportation hubs, police stations and public services such as security and healthcare in an attempt to weaken the government. But education is a unique service – not only because it involves a country’s most precious resource, its children – but also because, by increasing human capital, it strengthens the state not only in the present but in the future. The fact that this mutually bolstering interaction is one of the few things holding Pakistani society together is precisely why the Taliban want to destroy it. Will Pakistani citizens – and parents – maintain their growing commitment to education in the face of Taliban brutality? How much risk is too much? In surveys, we find that parents of Pakistani students are progressive, forward-looking and do not want religious indoctrination for their children. But if violence disrupts their mental calculus – if in addition to a school’s price, distance and quality they add the consideration that their child could be killed – then parents may no longer behave normally, despite their preferences. Instead, fear might compel them to withdraw from schools entirely. As we speak, many schools are announcing temporary closure of facilities in the aftermath of the latest attack. The government has ominously warned that the Taliban may be winning psychologically – even as the army operation against them weakens their military capabilities. Protecting more than 30 million children spread across thousands of locations is not something the security forces can accomplish by themselves or simply by targeting militant strongholds. Ordinary citizens must affirm by their beliefs, words and actions in everyday life that they recognise the danger that resides among them. Until they can actualise their own agency in protecting these children, the most progressive social current in the country will be lost – and with time, so might Pakistan itself. A version of this article appeared in The Washington Post on January 29, 2016