LONDON: Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Armenia top the list of smaller emerging economies most vulnerable to refinancing risks, because they face a combination of large upcoming repayments and low foreign currency reserves, ratings agency Moody’s said on Wednesday. Emerging-market governments embarked on an issuance spree in recent years, taking advantage of record-low interest rates and major central banks that were pumping trillions of dollars into the economy. But rising US Treasury yields and a stronger dollar, coupled with record lows for many developing currencies, have focused investors’ minds on just how much refinancing pressure some of those countries face. Across frontier markets – a subset of riskier and often smaller emerging economies – some $4 billion of hard-currency sovereign bonds will mature each year from 2019 to 2021, with Asia most affected, Moody’s found. The refinancing burden will soar to $7 billion to $9 billion a year from 2022 to 2030 as large repayments come due in sub-Saharan Africa. “As international sovereign bonds mature in 2019 and 2020, governments in Sri Lanka, Armenia and Pakistan, and to a lesser extent Honduras and Kenya will be most exposed to more costly debt financing,” Moody’s analyst Matthew Circosta wrote in a note. “If pronounced and sustained, this would weaken debt affordability and raise their debt burdens, especially if local currencies depreciate,” he said. While the sovereign credit ratings of Sri Lanka, Armenia and Pakistan reflected how vulnerable they are, a further hit to their foreign currency reserves could raise the risk of lower capital inflows and higher refinancing costs. That in turn could spell a cloud over credit ratings, said Moody’s. Pakistan’s rupee suffered a 7 percent drop on Tuesday in an apparent central bank devaluation after the government said on Monday it planned to seek a bailout from the International Monetary Fund. Published in Daily Times, September 11th 2018.