Successful economic development has hewed to a well-known pattern. Lifting a country out of poverty and placing it on a path of sustainable growth requires hard work, the creation of a robust system of property rights, and – crucially – private investment.
This method is not specific to a particular region or people. As Asia’s spectacular growth has demonstrated, it is transferable across cultures. So it is a shame that development economists and the world’s multilateral institutions are failing to apply it systematically in the developing world.
Billions of dollars of aid has been poured into developing countries, but it has not been enough, and the results have been disappointing. The World Bank estimates that one billion people still live on less than $1.25 a day, while more than 800 million do not have enough to eat. The Millennium Development Goals attempted to apply a comprehensive approach to reducing poverty, but the MDGs failed to address its underlying causes.
On paper, at least, the United Nation’s new Sustainable Development Goals, put in place last year, are an improvement. The trouble is that lofty ambitions come with a high price tag, and there remains a funding gap of around $2.5 trillion if all 17 goals are to be met. A chasm this big cannot be bridged by cash-strapped governments and taxpayers alone.
That is why a recent decision by the European Parliament to back my report calling for the mobilisation of private capital in the fight against global poverty is so important. For the first time in the parliament’s history, its members acknowledged the private sector as a key partner in wealth creation in the developing world. Given that the European Union is one of the biggest providers of development aid, the decision could be highly significant.
To be sure, winning a vote, while never straightforward, is the easy part. The challenge will be translating words into action.
The early signs are heartening. Marianne Thyssen, the EU’s employment and labour commissioner, wants work on implementing the report to begin immediately. She has promised that the European Commission will invest more than ?2 billion ($2.27 billion) to support the private sector in the developing world by 2020. She expects that ?4.8 billion in EU grants would leverage at least ?66 billion in investment in Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and Latin America by financial institutions and private firms.
If the EU’s entire development budget was similarly maximised, we could mobilise about ?300 billion of capital, which, if spent on acquiring equipment, plant, and technology from Europe, could give an enormous boost to the current sluggish growth of the European economies. An important early task in achieving the desired impact will be to create an environment in which private initiatives can flourish. Currently, micro, small, and medium-size enterprises account for some 60 per cent of the developing world’s employment. And yet 70 per cent of these businesses receive no help from financial institutions, even though investment would enable them to grow and create jobs.
We must begin to change this by providing the financial and technical assistance countries need to establish reliable banking systems and tax administrations. Adherence to international accounting standards should be encouraged. Transparency must be improved, and corruption must be rooted out. And in many countries, the system of land registration and property rights needs to be formalised, so that individuals and companies gain equity against which they can borrow to invest in their businesses.
The effect will be to increase the number of bankable projects in which both local businesses and international firms can invest. Potential for public-private partnerships exist in energy and telecommunications projects, in wells and irrigation, in the construction sector, in infrastructure such as roads, airports, and harbors, and in processing plants for agro industries, meat, fruit, and vegetables.
Of course, stringent safeguards must be put in place. Private investors will need to agree to binding rules protecting social, environmental, human, and gender rights. To build trust, EU-level forums should be created, in which the private sector, NGOs, think tanks, and governments can discuss development opportunities. Courtesy – Khaleej Times