Pakistan’s challenges as a state after 75 years arise from a complex interplay of political, economic, social, and geopolitical factors. Despite notable achievements in areas such as agriculture and nuclear capability, the country has struggled to achieve consistent stability, development, and governance. The relationship between the state and its citizens is a crucial aspect of political life. It relies on a balance between governance and the will of the people: when there is harmony, stability is fostered, but an imbalance can lead to conflict or change. The main pillars of a state typically refer to the fundamental institutions or principles that support its governance, stability, and functionality. These pillars work together to ensure the state’s governance, security, and development, each playing a distinct yet interconnected role. The masses play a crucial role in the state’s stability, legitimacy, and governance. These pillars can vary depending on the political system. The relationship between the state and the masses is a fundamental aspect of political life. It hinges on a balance between governance and the will of the people, where harmony leads to stability, and imbalance can result in conflict or change. State failure occurs when a government loses the ability to perform essential functions such as maintaining security, enforcing laws, providing basic services, or ensuring economic stability. Failed states often experience internal conflict, lawlessness, economic collapse, and humanitarian crises. State failure is rarely caused by a single factor but is the result of complex, interrelated issues. Addressing it requires both domestic reforms and international cooperation. Successful states thrive due to strong institutions, economic diversification, social equity, and the rule of law. Pakistan has experienced repeated military coups, unstable civilian governments, and short-lived democratic regimes. Widespread corruption and governance failures have weakened public trust and state effectiveness. Pakistan has frequently relied on international loans and bailouts, leading to a cycle of debt and austerity. Lack of long-term economic planning, inconsistent policies, and over-reliance on foreign aid and remittances. High levels of poverty, inequality, and unemployment have fueled social discontent. Repeated IMF bailouts and balance-of-payment crises highlight chronic economic mismanagement. Pakistan has faced internal insurgencies (eg, Balochistan), sectarian violence, and ethnic conflicts. The rise of militant groups, some linked to regional conflicts, has destabilized the country. Pakistan’s involvement in the Afghan conflict and tensions with India have diverted resources from development to defence. The ongoing struggle against groups like the TTP (Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan) has strained security resources. The ongoing conflict over Kashmir and military tensions with India have consumed resources and attention. Pakistan’s involvement in Afghan affairs has led to regional instability and backlash. Reliance on the US, China, and Gulf countries for strategic and financial support has limited independent policymaking. Pakistan is home to diverse ethnic groups (Punjabis, Sindhis, Baloch, Pashtuns) with longstanding grievances over representation and resource allocation. The disproportionate focus on Punjab has led to resentment in other provinces, particularly Balochistan. Movements for autonomy or independence, such as in Balochistan, have weakened national cohesion. The 1971 secession of East Pakistan is a stark example of unresolved ethnic and regional issues. Sometimes, the judiciary has often been influenced by political and military pressures, undermining its independence. Delayed justice, ineffective law enforcement, and parallel legal systems (tribal, religious) erode public confidence. Cases of judicial overreach or collaboration with military rulers during coups highlight the judiciary’s challenges. Pakistan’s challenges are deeply rooted in historical, structural, and policy-related issues. While it has shown resilience and potential, achieving long-term success requires: * Strengthening democratic institutions and governance. * Investing in education, healthcare, and human development. * Pursuing economic reforms and reducing dependency on external aid. * Addressing ethnic grievances and fostering national cohesion. Without addressing these fundamental issues, Pakistan’s journey toward becoming a successful state remains uncertain. However, the country’s strategic location, youthful population, and potential for reform present opportunities for progress. The ongoing political crisis is deepening day by day, threatening to destroy our nation, and the leadership has failed to resolve the situation. All stakeholders must come together without further delay and collaboratively develop a long-term economic agenda with dedication and commitment. Successful states thrive due to strong institutions, economic diversification, social equity, and the rule of law, while Pakistan’s struggles are rooted in political instability, economic mismanagement, and security challenges. Overcoming these hurdles requires systemic reforms and long-term strategic planning. The writer is an entrepreneur and Advisor (LGU).