Renewables funding, global finance reform and carbon taxes head the demands formulated by African nations at a summit in Nairobi this week as the world heads towards annual climate negotiations. The final declaration at the first-ever pan-African climate summit laid out a vision pitching the continent as a key to decarbonisation but also calling for funds and reform to help it achieve those goals. The gathering — a stepping stone towards the UN’s COP28 starting in Dubai in November — also urged a swifter phase-down of coal and an end to fossil fuel subsidies. Africa has around 40 percent of the world’s potential energy resources, but attracted only two percent of investment in this field over the last decade. The summit called for an investment of $600 billion — a tenfold increase from current levels — to meet a renewable energy target of 300 gigawatts (GW) by 2030 up from 56 GW in 2022. Boosting clean energy is critical for the continent of 1.4 billion, where around 600 million people lack access to any electricity at all. To free up funds, the declaration urged world leaders to “rally behind the proposal for a [global] carbon taxation regime,” which would include levies on fossil fuel trade, maritime transport and aviation. It said these could be complemented by a global financial transaction tax. The calls build momentum for proposals that have been championed by developing countries in recent years. At a climate finance summit in Paris in June, French President Emmanuel Macron backed the shipping levy, but said it would need support from China, the United States and other European nations to work. US climate envoy John Kerry told reporters the US government had “not yet embraced any particular carbon pricing mechanism”, but was analysing various proposals. The declaration threw its support behind a growing chorus of calls for reform of the global financial architecture. Leaders called for debt restructuring and relief, a particular concern in the region staggering under the burden of mounting repayment costs. The demands are likely to add traction for reforms of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) in the run-up to their annual meeting in October. Leaders made a call for lower-carbon growth that leapfrogs “traditional industrial development”. A key demand is to make Africa the place where its raw materials — including critical minerals needed for green technologies — are processed, and not just exported. Leaders also pinned hopes on carbon markets to monetise the region’s carbon-absorbing ecosystems like rainforests, mangroves and peatlands. The summit drew hundreds of millions in pledges for carbon markets, but the largely-unregulated industry is controversial and has seen accusations that some offsets — particularly forest-based ones — do little for the environment or exploit communities. “Carbon credits are really ‘pollution permits’ and they help rich polluting companies from making actual cuts in their own emissions,” said Mohamed Adow of energy and climate think tank Power Shift Africa. The declaration reiterated calls for wealthy countries to make good on their pledge to deliver $100 billion a year in climate finance to poorer nations by 2020. Leaders also demanded the swift implementation of the “loss and damage” fund, created at the COP27 meeting in Egypt last year to cover the costs faced by vulnerable countries from climate-linked natural disasters and impacts like rising sea levels.