Pakistan, like many other developing nations, faces numerous challenges in sustaining a stable and thriving economy. Among these challenges is the issue of tax avoidance by international companies operating in the country’s tobacco industry. The failure to pay fair share of taxes not only deprives the national exchequer of vital revenue but also undermines Pakistan’s economic growth and development. The tobacco industry holds significant influence worldwide, with multinational corporations dominating the market. Pakistan, with its large population and significant consumer base (more than 25 percent of adult population are smokers), becomes an attractive market for these companies. However, the lack of effective regulations and oversight has allowed some international companies to exploit loopholes and engage in aggressive tax avoidance practices. When international companies manipulate their financial structures and employ complex cross-border transactions to minimize tax liabilities, they effectively evade paying the taxes that should contribute to the country’s revenue. This act of tax avoidance has far-reaching economic consequences for Pakistan. The foremost impact of tax avoidance is the substantial loss of revenue for the Pakistani government. With limited financial resources, the government heavily relies on tax revenues to fund public services, infrastructure development, education, and healthcare. The shortfall in tax collections hampers the government’s ability to meet the needs of its citizens effectively. The loss of tax revenue from international tobacco companies contributes to Pakistan’s fiscal deficit. The government is then forced to bridge this gap by borrowing, which often leads to an increase in public debt. This situation further strains the economy, as servicing the debt becomes a priority, diverting funds from productive investments. By avoiding taxes, international tobacco companies gain an unfair competitive advantage over local players who operate within the confines of the law. The lower tax burden allows these companies to sell their products at lower prices, undercutting local competitors. This unfair competition not only hampers the growth of local businesses but also stifles innovation and discourages investment in the domestic tobacco industry. The tobacco industry, apart from its economic impact, also carries significant social costs. Tobacco consumption is associated with a range of health issues, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and respiratory ailments. The revenue lost due to tax avoidance could have been utilized to implement public health campaigns, increase healthcare infrastructure, and support anti-smoking initiatives. Given the adverse effects of tax avoidance by international tobacco companies on Pakistan’s economy, it is imperative for the government to take swift action. Such as the government should enact stricter tax laws and regulations to close existing loopholes and prevent international companies from exploiting them. This includes scrutinizing transfer pricing, introducing anti-avoidance provisions, and enhancing transparency in financial reporting. Raising public awareness about the economic consequences of tax avoidance can generate support for stricter regulations. Educating the general public about the importance of paying taxes and the impact of tax avoidance on the nation’s development can foster a sense of responsibility and encourage compliance. The government should allocate adequate resources to strengthen its tax administration and enforcement agencies. The writer is a freelance columnist.