With the Permanent Court of Arbitration’s landmark decision on the Indus Waters Treaty, two questions arise: first, what is the significance of this decision? Second, what implications will it carry? Pakistan’s position was clear. Under Article 26 of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, no bilateral agreement can be suspended unilaterally. The […]
Indus Waters
Indus Waters and the Post-Pahalgam Legal Questions
It has been one year since India’s Pahalgam false flag operation. Using this incident as a pretext, India first targeted Pakistan’s security, and when it failed to achieve its objectives, it proceeded to suspend the Indus Waters Treaty. Here come two key questions to the fore. First, if the incident was not in fact a […]
The Erosion of Indus Waters Treaty! The Human & Legal Crisis in Indus Basin
For over six decades, the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) of 1960 stood as a global benchmark for transboundary water governance. It survived three major wars, numerous border skirmishes, and decades of diplomatic frost. However, a series of recent unilateral actions by India, ranging from legal suspensions to massive upstream infrastructure expansion, has pushed the treaty […]