When Ishwar Chand Sharma, a farmer in northern India, committed suicide just days before the start of the country’s general elections, police found a note in his pocket with a plea: “Don’t vote for the BJP.”
While police worked to authenticate the note, Sharma’s son told the Thomson Reuters Foundation that his 65-year-old father blamed the policies of the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) for the debt that drove him to reportedly drink poison.
A mix of extreme weather, spiraling operating costs and plunging food prices has thrown millions of India’s farmers into crisis, leading to more than 300,000 suicides over the past two decades, according government data.
As Indians vote for the lower house of parliament in a massive month-long election that ends on May 19, the plight of farmers has become a key battleground for the leading BJP and its main opposition, the Indian National Congress, or Congress.
The BJP, headed by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, came to power in 2014, when its promise to improve farmers’ lives earned it a landslide victory against the Congress-led United Progressive Alliance (UPA).
But rights groups say few farmers, who make up almost half of India’s working population, are any better off than they were before that election.
This time, said Ashok Dhawale, president of the All India Kisan Sabha farmers’ association, many are giving their votes to Congress, drawn by its manifesto focusing on the farming crisis, climate change and the environment.
“The BJP is well aware that it has antagonized the farmers,” said Dhawale.
“Congress’s manifesto inspires some hope as of now.”
Loan Defaults
One of the main complaints farmers say they have against the BJP is what they see as the party’s failure to implement the recommendations of the so-called Swaminathan Commission.
Set up by the UPA government in 2004, the commission made recommendations on how to make farming more sustainable.
They included improved access to resources such as clean water, technology and credit; a guaranteed minimum selling price for most food crops; and policies to help “drought proof” farmers in dry regions.
But so far, no government has fully implemented the recommendations, said Satnam Singh Behru, president of the Consortium of Indian Farmers Association.
Meanwhile, farmers are finding it increasingly difficult to earn a living. Recent data from the Reserve Bank of India show that the share of loans in default in the agriculture sector has been rising since 2011.
By September 2018, the total amount of unpaid farming loans had jumped to 1 trillion rupees ($14 billion) from around 700 billion rupees at the same time the year before.
Farmers have held several large protests in Mumbai and Delhi since the last election, calling for the government to institute the commission’s policies in full.
“The BJP government stabbed us in the back,” Behru said.
In response to the criticisms, BJP spokesman Gopal Krishna Agarwal told the Thomson Reuters Foundation that the party has taken significant steps to improve the lives of the country’s farmers over the past five years.
He pointed to the government’s announcement last year that it would institute one of the Swaminathan recommendations and raise the guaranteed minimum profit farmers make if market prices fall.