Doctors in a rural Sierra Leone hospital may be accustomed to treating severely ill infants, but they recently admitted one of the worst cases they had ever seen. An 18-month-old with pallid skin and thinning hair arrived on the wards in the eastern town of Hangha in July suffering from an alarming combination of pneumonia, diarrhoea and malaria. Even in a country with one of the highest infant mortality rates in the world, the toddler’s case was abnormally critical. “She couldn’t sit and stand, she was too weak,” said Adama Ansumana, holding her daughter on her lap in the intensive care unit. The girl recovered, but doctors are warning that extreme cases such as hers are growing more common as patients avoid hospitals for fear of contracting COVID-19. Medical charity Doctors Without Borders (MSF), which runs the free hospital in Hangha, near the city of Kenema, says it has received 40 percent fewer patients since late March. The dangers of avoiding healthcare are especially acute for children during the ongoing rainy season — when malaria cases spike. “We are facing a malaria pandemic, with severe malnutrition of most of the children that arrive at the hospital,” said Laure Joachim, a paediatrician at the 63-bed facility. The number of children affected nationwide is unclear, but it is likely high. Health ministry records seen by AFP show that malaria cases usually account for about a quarter of hospital referrals in the West African state. The disease also kills thousands every year. This year, NGOs and the government have to surmount a creaking health system and pervasive coronavirus misinformation to provide treatment. Sierra Leone, though rich in diamonds, is one of the world’s poorest countries. It is still recovering nearly two decades after the end of a civil war which claimed some 120,000 lives, and from the 2014-16 West Africa Ebola outbreak which killed some 4,000 people in the country. Ebola and toxic herbs Health officials in Sierra Leone have recorded 1,937 coronavirus cases to date, with 69 fatalities — relatively low numbers compared to hard-hit countries such as Brazil and the United States. Many parents of ill children resort to risky traditional healers rather than going to hospital. “We have many cases of children that are severely ill with multiple organ failures because some traditional herbs are toxic,” said Joachim, the hospital paediatrician. Misinformation and fear are thought to deter parents. Sahr Abdulai Surkiti, a community health worker in the Kenema region, said that the harrowing memory of Ebola explains some of the fear. “When the ambulance came for the sick they never returned,” Surkiti said of Ebola patients. MSF says Kenema was the Sierra Leonean region worst affected by Ebola, with more than 200 health workers dying while fighting the disease. But misinformation is playing a role too. Surkiti is one of a number of poorly paid officials who travel to rural villages to explain how COVID-19 is treated, and to encourage the visibly ill to go to hospital. Poorly equipped and underfunded community health centres dotted around the countryside are also seeing fewer patients. “People are scared to visit the health centre when they are sick,” said Sarah Vandi, a nurse in the small Kenema town of Talia. “We do not have running water or even a motorbike for outreach activities,” she added. ‘We are suffering’ Sierra Leone already had a dire record on children’s health before coronavirus struck. According to the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF), one in 10 children there die before the age of five — down from more than one in four in 1990. Malnutrition, which leaves children more vulnerable to disease and infection, is a leading cause of death. MSF is donating drugs and vaccines to cash-strapped local health centres, and operates mobile clinics in remote areas. It also plans to expand its hospital in Hangha. “Sixty to 80 percent of the patients we treat are malaria positive,” said MSF doctor Mamadu Laine during a visit to the village of Manokortuhun. Samuel Juana Smith, the health ministry’s director of disease control, said the government had distributed about four million mosquito nets since March. He added that the health system is strained and needs more investment to fight malaria. “It continues to cause suffering and dismantle families,” he said. In Manokortuhun, a pregnant woman named Watta Musa said she had already lost babies because of health complications. “We are suffering here,” she said.