They are among the most vulnerable of the tens of thousands of migrants making the long and perilous trek from Ethiopia to Saudi Arabia in search of jobs: Women and girls as young as 13. They endure hunger and exhaustion walking through deserts, the dangers of a sea crossing and, often, rape and torture at the hands of traffickers.
Still, they are fearless and determined to reach the oil-rich kingdom and work as maids and domestic servants in Saudi Arabia´s lavish households. Dreaming of improving their lives, many of them sneak away from home in the night because their parents don’t want them to take the risk.
Around 150,000 migrants made the journey each of the past two years, and the proportion of women and girls is rising. According to the U.N.´s International Organization for Migration, the number of women making the trip jumped from nearly 15,000 in 2018 to more than 22,000 in 2019. The number of girls had an enormous increase, quadrupling from 2,075 to 8,360.
Associated Press photographer Nariman El-Mofty traveled with a number of women and girls along the trail, in Djibouti and Yemen, capturing intimate moments of their journey and talking with them about their reasons for leaving home and the dangers they are willing to face in hopes of a better life.
WILLO AND MEDRES
Willo (L) and Medres, two 15-year-old Ethiopians, were among a group of girls waiting at Djibouti´s coast for the smuggler boat to Yemen. They seemed to know little about the risks ahead. Asked if she knew there was war in Yemen, Willo just shook her head “no.” In Saudi Arabia, studies say women domestic servants often face abuse by employers. But Medres said she´s certain she´ll get a good job as a maid, earning up to $700 a month, and even learn some Arabic and English. “There is a future in Saudi Arabia for us,” she said.
THE TREK THROUGH DJIBOUTI
The journey to Saudi Arabia begins with a trek through Djibouti, a tiny country in the Horn of Africa that sits on the Gulf of Aden. Some migrants remain in Djibouti to work, while others travel across the desert to the uninhabited coast outside Obock, where smugglers launch boats to Yemen. Along their journey, many women are tortured or raped by smugglers. That´s why some women, as soon as they enter Djibouti from Ethiopia, stop at the hospital in the border town of Dikhil and ask for birth control.
ETHIOPIAN TEENAGERS RESTING IN OBOCK
At the Obock coast, a group of teenage girls from Ethiopia rested under acacia trees for shade. They were waiting for the smuggler´s signal to take the wooden fishing boats to Yemen, crossing the narrow Bab al-Mandeb strait at the mouth of the Red Sea. The girls all said they left homes against their parents´ will. They said they depend on their helper, Abdullah, a 28-year-old Ethiopian who made the journey five times before over the past 10 years.
IKRAM ABDI
Ikram Abdi, 17, and Hamdiya Abdullah, 16, were among 150 migrants who gathered in Dikhil after crossing into Djibouti from Ethiopia. “Nothing to fear,” Abdi said shyly when asked if she worried about abuses along the way. Like many migrants, they disappeared from home in the night, telling no one of their planned journey. They hope their parents will forgive them once they send money from Saudi Arabia. “My family doesn´t know,” Abdullah said, “but living conditions are pushing us to leave.”
RAHEEMA SANU
Raheema Sanu, 18, rested by the side of the highway just a few kilometers inside Djibouti after she and her brother crossed from Ethiopia, Still early in their journey, they already trekked through mountains and deserts, in sandstorms and temperatures over 113 degrees. Some migrants had collapsed from heat and exhaustion. The past three days, they lived on bits of bread washed down with salty water from desert wells used by camel and goat herders. But she knows the road ahead: A relative already in Saudi Arabia advised her on the best route so she wouldn´t need a smuggler.
THE BRA
A woman´s bra lay half-buried in the beach at Obock, Djibouti. As migrants prepare for the smugglers´ boat trip across the Bab al-Mandab strait to Yemen, they try to travel light, and the beach is littered with clothes and personal items they decided to discard.
They also try to protect what they will need for the road ahead, tucking documents, photos and cash into plastic bags to protect them from the water.