The Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) of 1960, brokered by the World Bank, allocated the three western rivers-Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab-to Pakistan, granting India limited non-consumptive use for hydropower with strict design and flow restrictions. Pakistan contends that India has repeatedly breached these provisions through projects on the Jhelum and Chenab basins, threatening downstream water security, […]
Geo-political
Trade Corridors, Geo Political Risks and New Options for Pakistan
The Middle East crisis has disrupted maritime trade routes and exposed a structural reality of the global economy. Currently, trade flows through several vulnerable corridors shaped by geography and geopolitics. Uncertainty is at its peak with the realisation that key shipping routes – the Strait of Hormuz, Bab-el-Mandeb, and the Suez Canal – have become […]
The Weaponization of Waters! Geo-political Risks & the Humanitarian Cost of Unilateral “Abeyance”
For over six decades, the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) stood as a rare beacon of conflict-resilient diplomacy in South Asia. Brokered by the World Bank in 1960, it successfully governed the sharing of the Indus basin’s six rivers through three wars and numerous standoffs. However, this foundational stability was shattered on 23 April 2025, when […]