Horticulture is an essential sector in Pakistan’s agriculture industry, contributing significantly to the economy and food security. However, traditional horticulture practices in the country face numerous challenges, including climate uncertainties, resource constraints, and productivity issues. In recent years, the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative solution, offering a pathway towards more efficient, sustainable, and productive horticultural practices. Pakistan’s horticultural sector has vast potential, given its diverse agro-climatic zones that can support the growth of various fruits, vegetables, and ornamental plants. However, this potential has not been fully realized due to traditional farming methods and a lack of access to modern technologies. AI-based horticulture, with its advanced data analysis, automation, and predictive capabilities, is changing this landscape. One of the primary applications of AI in horticulture is crop monitoring. AI-enabled drones and sensors are used to capture real-time data on crop health and environmental conditions. This information is invaluable for early disease detection and pest management, allowing farmers to take timely action to protect their crops. AI can also monitor soil moisture and nutrient levels, helping optimize irrigation and fertilization practices, which is crucial in water-scarce regions of Pakistan. Precision agriculture is another key aspect of AI-based horticulture in Pakistan. By collecting and analyzing data from various sources such as satellites, weather stations, and on-ground sensors, farmers can make informed decisions. They can precisely plan planting and harvesting times, reducing resource wastage and labour costs. In a country where agriculture is heavily dependent on weather patterns, this data-driven approach is a game-changer. Predictive analytics is a significant benefit of AI for horticulture in Pakistan. Machine learning models can predict disease outbreaks, helping farmers implement preventive measures. Additionally, they can forecast market demand for specific crops, enabling farmers to adjust their production accordingly. This minimizes food wastage and ensures a more efficient supply chain. The introduction of robotics and automation in horticulture is another exciting development. Robots equipped with AI algorithms can perform tasks like planting, weeding, and harvesting with precision and consistency. This reduces labour dependency and lowers operational costs. In a labour-intensive sector like horticulture, automation can significantly enhance productivity. AI-enabled drones and sensors are used to capture real-time data on crop health and environmental conditions. Climate change poses a significant risk to crop health and productivity. Rising temperatures can lead to heat stress, which affects crop development and can lead to reduced yields. Changes in precipitation patterns, including prolonged droughts or sudden heavy rainfall, can lead to water stress, soil erosion, and crop damage. The unpredictable nature of climate change means that farmers often struggle to adapt their practices in real time. AI-based horticulture offers a powerful solution to these challenges. By harnessing AI’s capabilities in data analysis and prediction, farmers in Pakistan can make informed decisions to cope with the effects of climate change. Here’s how AI can play a pivotal role in Climate Data Analysis: AI algorithms can analyze historical climate data, current weather conditions, and long-term climate projections. This analysis helps farmers anticipate and adapt to changing weather patterns. For instance, if AI predicts a prolonged dry spell, farmers can adjust their irrigation schedules and water management practices accordingly. Crop Modeling: AI can develop crop models that simulate how different crops will respond to varying climatic conditions. These models help farmers choose resilient crop varieties and make planting decisions based on expected climate conditions. Crop models also guide adjustments in pest and disease management strategies, considering the shifting conditions. Challenges exist in the adoption of AI-based horticulture in Pakistan. The initial cost of implementing AI technologies can be prohibitive for small-scale farmers, and there may be resistance to change in traditional farming communities. Moreover, data security and privacy concerns need to be addressed to build trust in these new technologies. Nonetheless, the potential benefits of AI-based horticulture in Pakistan are substantial. It can help improve crop yields, enhance food security, and promote sustainable farming practices in a country where agriculture plays a vital role in the economy. With government support, private sector investment, and knowledge dissemination, AI-based horticulture can empower Pakistani farmers to overcome challenges and tap into the full potential of their land. In conclusion, AI-based horticulture represents a promising future for Pakistan’s agriculture sector. With its ability to monitor crops, practice precision agriculture, provide predictive insights, and introduce automation, AI has the potential to revolutionize horticulture practices in the country. While challenges exist, the long-term benefits, including increased productivity, reduced resource consumption, and enhanced food security, make AI-based horticulture a compelling avenue for development in Pakistan. The writer is PhD (Horticulture) and currently associated with the University of Sargodha, Pakistan