Pakistan, like many countries around the world, is grappling with the complex and intertwined challenges of climate change and food security. The impact of a changing climate on agriculture and food production has far-reaching consequences for a nation where a significant portion of the population depends on farming for their livelihoods. Erratic weather patterns have become increasingly common, with floods, droughts, and heatwaves disrupting crop cycles and leading to reduced agricultural productivity. The Pakistan Meteorological Department reports an alarming increase in the frequency and intensity of these weather-related disasters over the past decade. Moreover, the melting of glaciers in Pakistan’s northern regions is endangering the primary source of water for its major rivers, including the Indus. This poses a direct threat to agriculture, as water for irrigation largely depends on glacial meltwater. The International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) estimates that the Hindu Kush Himalayan region, which includes Pakistan’s northern areas, could lose one-third of its glaciers by 2100. Changing climate conditions, including prolonged heatwaves and altered precipitation patterns, have led to decreased yields in key crops like wheat, rice, and cotton. The Pakistan Agriculture Research Council (PARC) reports a concerning decline of four per cent per decade in wheat yields due to rising temperatures and water scarcity. Furthermore, Pakistan is already water-stressed, and climate change is exacerbating this issue. Higher evaporation rates and reduced river flow are depleting water resources for agriculture. The Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources (PCRWR) warns that Pakistan may face a severe water shortage by 2025 unless immediate measures are taken. In response to these challenges, Pakistan is implementing climate-resilient agricultural practices to adapt to changing conditions. This includes promoting drought-resistant crop varieties and improving irrigation techniques. The government’s National Agriculture Emergency Program is a significant step in introducing climate-resilient farming practices across the country. Pakistan Agriculture Research Council (PARC) reports a concerning decline of four per cent per decade in wheat yields due to rising temperatures and water scarcity. Transitioning to renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, can reduce carbon emissions and mitigate climate change. Pakistan has made significant strides in solar energy production, with solar farms contributing to the national grid. Reforestation efforts are also underway to mitigate climate change and protect watersheds. The Billion Tree Tsunami project in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa aims to plant one billion trees to combat deforestation and its associated environmental impacts. The Pakistani government and various institutions play a pivotal role in addressing climate change and food security issues. They are responsible for implementing policies and initiatives that aim to safeguard the nation’s agricultural sector and food supply. These policies include the National Climate Change Policy and the National Food Security Policy, which provide a framework for addressing climate change and food security challenges. Institutions like the Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC) and the Pakistan Meteorological Department conduct crucial research to better understand climate change’s impacts and develop adaptive strategies for farmers. Moreover, Pakistan collaborates with international organizations and donors to access funding and technical expertise to address climate change and food security challenges. This collaboration fosters a global approach to tackling these critical issues. Coping strategies for food security in the face of climate change conditions in Pakistan are essential to ensure a stable food supply for the growing population. These strategies focus on adapting to the changing climate and reducing vulnerability to its impacts. Here are some key coping strategies: Diversifying Crops: Farmers can diversify their crop selection to include varieties that are more resilient to changing climate conditions. For instance, drought-tolerant crop varieties can be planted to withstand water scarcity, while heat-resistant crops can thrive in warmer temperatures. Improved Water Management: Efficient water management is critical in a water-stressed country like Pakistan. Implementing modern irrigation techniques, such as drip and sprinkler irrigation, can help conserve water resources. Additionally, rainwater harvesting systems can supplement irrigation during dry periods. Weather Information and Early Warning Systems: Access to timely weather information and early warning systems can help farmers make informed decisions about planting and harvesting. Governments and organizations can provide this information through mobile apps, SMS alerts, or community outreach. Improved Storage and Post-Harvest Handling: Reducing food waste is crucial. Improved storage facilities, such as silos and cold storage, can help preserve harvested crops for longer periods, preventing post-harvest losses. Access to Financial Services: Smallholder farmers often lack access to credit and insurance services. Governments and organizations can provide financial support and insurance options to help farmers recover from climate-related losses. Government Policies and Support: Governments play a crucial role in formulating policies that support food security in the context of climate change. These policies may include subsidies for climate-resilient seeds and technologies, incentives for sustainable farming practices, and disaster relief programs. Research and Development: Investment in agricultural research is essential to develop new crop varieties and technologies that are adapted to changing climate conditions. Research institutions can work on breeding programs for climate-resilient crops. In conclusion, Pakistan faces significant challenges in ensuring food security amidst a changing climate. However, the nation is actively pursuing strategies and initiatives to mitigate these challenges. The role of government and institutions is vital in implementing policies, conducting research, and fostering international cooperation to safeguard the future of agriculture and food security in Pakistan. It is a complex and ongoing effort, but it is essential for the well-being of the nation’s population and its sustainable development. Th writer is PhD (Horticulture) and currently associated with the University of Sargodha, Pakistan