With Chinese help, Pakistan has succeeded in expanding its military industrial base – which is also a core Saudi initiative under Vision 2030 Saudi Arabia has been one of the United States’ closest allies for years, but some recent tiffs seem to have disrupted bilateral relations. Excessive regulations on nuclear technology transfer by the US — apparently to protect the interests of its peerless partner, Israel — were a factor here. Riyadh does not have a nuclear bomb and it is also a NPT signatory. However, it has established a nuclear research center, King Abdullah City for Atomic and Renewable Energy (KA-CARE), in 2010 to meet the country’s energy and water needs. In an interview with US television last March, Crown Prince Muhammad bin Salman (MBS) said that his country isn’t interested in acquiring a nuclear bomb, but if Tehran develops such a weapon, Riyadh will follow suit. Recently, US Deputy Energy Secretary Dan Brouillette said that the US would not help Saudi Arabia to develop nuclear technology without guarantees that it would only be used for civilian purposes – adding “as you know, this technology has a dual use and in the wrong hands, it becomes a dangerous, dangerous world”. Former intelligence services chief and senior Saudi diplomat Prince Turki Al Faisal strongly reacted to Brouillette comments, voicing that Saudi Arabia has options for nuclear technology other than the US. The former ambassador to the US and UK uttered that the energy market is open. “We have France. We have Russia. We have China. We have our friends in Pakistan and in other places as well, so if they want to remove themselves from that market, well, that’s up to them.” In a recent interview, the prince also decried Prime Minister (PM) Benjamin Netanyahu for deceiving the Israeli public by having them believe that Palestine is a dead issue. “We don’t need Mr. Netanyahu to tell us the dangers that Iran poses. We see it on our grounds”, he added. The Saudi diplomatic assaults comes at a time when there is a growing conviction in Washington defense circles that Saudi Arabia is pursuing a missile program with the help of China and Pakistan – cuing a major Saudi policy shift towards the East and hinting at a potential divergence from the US. Speaking to the CNBC, a former Pentagon official Michael Rubin indicted that the “whiplash policy changes in Washington have had negative impact in Riyadh”. “Saudi authorities are no longer going to be constrained by White House whispers. The Saudis are demonstrating that they can take matters into their own hands.” With Chinese help, Pakistan has succeeded in expanding its military industrial base – which is also a core Saudi initiative under Vision 2030 Saudi Arabia does not possess weapons of mass destruction either. It however, bought a limited quantity of ballistic missiles of Chinese-origin in 1988. More recently, it is in discussions to procure medium-range missiles from Pakistan. These missiles are capable of carrying nuclear warheads but no evidence was found that the Saudis were interested in nuclear weapons. Saudi Arabia has always been ‘a friend in need’ for Pakistan. It is widely believed that Riyadh has bankrolled the Pakistan nuclear program. The Kingdom is the home of 2.5 million Pakistani expatriates and is also the largest source of foreign remittances in Pakistan. Pakistan has a long history of US sanctions, economic fragility, and balance of payments crises. After sanctions were slapped on Pakistan following nuclear tests in May 1998, Riyadh immediately came to rescue Pakistan’s vulnerable economy and provided 50,000 barrels of oil a day, free of cost. It provided $1.5 billion in 2015 to shore up Pakistan’s foreign exchange reserves and again in 2018, Saudi Arabia was the first country to have pledged $3 billion (already received) on concessionary terms. The recent investment of $20 billion is just the latest example of the unique, deep, and durable brotherly relations between the two countries. Unlike the US, Riyadh has never grilled Pakistan with ‘you’re with us or against us’ type ultimatums. In return for its recurrent support for Pakistan, Saudi Arabia expects Islamabad to protect the Kingdom in case it faces any threat to its national security. Pakistan has unvaryingly responded to the Kingdom’s requests by stationing its troops for the Kingdom’s security. As Riyadh is tailing an indigenous missile and defense program, Islamabad can be instrumental to help Saudi Arabia in realising in its ambitious plan, taking advantage from its strong military ties with time-tested friend, Beijing – and at a time, when Saudi Arabia is battered by Washington’s erratic policies. China has already been Saudi Arabia’s biggest trade partner since 2013. In 2017, bilateral trade between the two reached about $50 billion. Beijing has also welcomed Riyadh’s announcement to join CPEC, a vital economic and strategic project that will have significant consequences in the region. In October, Trump warned Saudi Arabia’s King Salman that he would not last in power ‘for two weeks’ without the backing of the US military, saying “King – we’re protecting you – you might not be there for two weeks without us — you have to pay for your military.” Taking all the protective measures, Riyadh is now on a quest to find new partners, particularly in the defense sector. It has much to gain from Pakistan’s defense experiences after it was abandoned by the US. With Chinese help, Pakistan has succeeded in expanding its military industrial base – which is also a core Saudi initiative under Vision 2030. This also leaves China with an enormous opportunity to gain greater access to the substantial Middle East defense market, capitalising on the deep-routed Saudi-Pak ties. Saudi Arabia is repairing its ties with Russia too. In October 2017, King Salman made his first-ever visit to Moscow and signed preliminary agreements for buying S-400 air missile defense systems, Kornet anti-tank missile systems, and other defense equipment. The King’s visit could have been facilitated by Pakistan after Islamabad decided to mend its bonds with Moscow over US military sanctions. In June 2015, Pakistan’s then army chief General Raheel Sharif visited the Kremlin to initiate the process of thawing Pak-Russo relations. All these developments will have a long-term global impacts since these regions contain the most emerging markets of the world. Under the given geo-strategic circumstances, the world could soon witness a new Pak-Saudi-Sino-Russo strategic and economic bloc. The author is working in a private organization as a Market & Business Analyst and is writes on domestic, regional, and global issues Published in Daily Times, February 25th 2019.