Over 1.5 million Muslims began filling a vast tent city in the holy city of Makkah on Monday for an annual Hajj pilgrimage carried out against the backdrop of hopes for an end to the war in the Middle East.
The white-robed pilgrims on buses or on foot arrived at the sprawling encampment in Mina after performing the “tawaf” – walking seven times around the Kaaba at Makkah’s Grand Mosque.
The start of the Hajj came as US President Donald Trump continued to send mixed signals over a possible agreement to extend an uneasy ceasefire with Iran and a deal to reopen the Strait of Hormuz.
Despite the uncertainty triggered by the conflict, Saudi officials noted over the weekend that more pilgrims had travelled from abroad to participate in this year’s Hajj than in 2025.
But, amid the spiritual euphoria experienced by the pilgrims in the days ahead of the Hajj, authorities in the kingdom signalled their readiness.
A video posted on social media by the Saudi defence ministry showed advanced air defence batteries positioned on the outskirts of Makkah.
“The air defence forces are responsible for protecting the skies over the holy sites and dealing with all aerial threats, ensuring the safety and peace of mind of the guests,” read the post.
Many pilgrims who spoke to AFP expressed their hope that peace would prevail soon.
“The war in Iran has affected the entire world. Nobody wants wars or harm to countries and peoples,” said Mohammed Chahada, an Egyptian in his 50s, as he walked through a crowd exiting the Grand Mosque.
The Hajj, one of the five pillars of Islam, must be performed at least once by all Muslims with the means.
During the Hajj, men wear a seamless shroud-like white garment that emphasises unity among believers regardless of their social status or nationality.
Women must wear loose dresses, exposing only their faces and hands.
The first ritual of the Hajj requires walking seven times around the Kaaba. Pilgrims next walk seven times between the two hills of Safa and Marwa.
They then move on to Mina, around five kilometres (three miles) away, ahead of the main rite of the pilgrimage at Mount Arafat.
On Tuesday, the climax of the Hajj is the gathering on Mount Arafat, about 10 kilometres from Mina, where Prophet Mohammed (PBUH) delivered his final sermon.
The arduous, outdoor pilgrimage will be held against the backdrop of geopolitical tensions but also under punishing heat, with temperatures forecast to top 40°C for much of the week.