In recent years, the plight of religious minorities in Pakistan has brought an increasing attention both locally and internationally. Despite the constitutional guarantees of equality and protection for all citizens, minority communities-Christians, Hindus, Sikhs, and others-often face discrimination, persecution, and violence. The root causes of this troubling trend are multifaceted, involving religious extremism, societal prejudice, and state negligence. A case in point is the recent mob violence in Jaranwala, Faisalabad, which underscores the vulnerabilities of minority communities. Pakistan’s blasphemy laws are among the strictest in the world, prescribing severe punishments, including the death penalty, for offenses against Islam. While these laws seemingly aim to protect religious sanctities, they have often been weaponized against minorities. Accusations of blasphemy can be made with little to no evidence, and once such an allegation is raised, it frequently triggers mob violence before the judicial process can take its course. This legal framework has fostered a climate of fear. Many accused individuals, regardless of their guilt or innocence, face long-term imprisonment, social exclusion, or even extrajudicial killings. The cases of Asia Bibi, a Christian woman who spent nearly a decade on death row for blasphemy, and Mashal Khan, a Muslim student lynched by fellow students over false allegations of blasphemy, are stark reminders of the law’s potential for misuse. Beyond blasphemy-related violence, minorities in Pakistan encounter systemic discrimination in multiple spheres of life. Education sectors in Pakistan often perpetuate biases, portraying minority religions and communities in a negative light. Job opportunities are limited, with minorities frequently assigned to low-paying jobs like manual labor In political representation, minorities remain marginalized. Although reserved seats exist for non-Muslims in the National and Provincial Assemblies, they seldom have a voice in mainstream politics. Moreover, minorities often lack access to justice, as law enforcement agencies are either complicit in or indifferent to crimes committed against them. Socially, minorities face exclusion and stigma. Interfaith marriages are frowned upon, and conversion to Islam, sometimes under duress, is celebrated, while conversions from Islam are criminalized. Minority women and girls are particularly vulnerable, with many cases of forced conversions and marriages reported annually. Religious extremism in Pakistan has been a significant factor in the persecution of minorities. Radical clerics and organizations have long propagated intolerance, framing minorities as a threat to Islam and Pakistan’s identity. These narratives gain traction in a society where religious identity is deeply intertwined with national identity. The treatment of minorities in Pakistan is a litmus test for the country’s commitment to justice, equality, and human rights. The Jaranwala incident and similar episodes highlight the urgent need for comprehensive reforms and societal change. Pakistan’s vision of unity in diversity can only be realized when every citizen, regardless of their faith, feels safe, respected, and valued. The journey toward that ideal is long, but it begins with collective introspection and action.