The recent exchange of social media posts between Pakistani leaders and Narendra Modi marks the beginning of Modi’s third term as Prime Minister of India. This brief interaction has sparked discussions about the future of Indo-Pak relations, with many speculating on the potential for change-or the lack thereof – in the bilateral dynamics between the two nations. Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif posted a concise message of congratulations, to which Mr. Modi responded with an equally succinct “thank you.” Nawaz Sharif, the elder brother of Shehbaz and a former three-time Prime Minister of Pakistan, addressed “Modi Ji” in a more elaborate and warm manner, expressing a wish for hope to replace hate in the subcontinent. Modi acknowledged these sentiments but emphasized the importance of security in his response. Most political analysts agree that significant changes in the bilateral relationship are unlikely during Modi’s third term. This sentiment was underscored during Modi’s swearing-in ceremony, which saw the presence of nearly all South Asian leaders except Pakistan’s Prime Minister. This stands in stark contrast to a decade ago when Nawaz Sharif attended Modi’s first oath-taking ceremony. The current state of Indo-Pak relations is fraught with tension, and the coming weeks will reveal whether the Modi administration aims to alter this trajectory. The emphasis on security, a recurrent theme in Modi’s communication, is a double-edged sword. While India has consistently accused Pakistan of supporting cross-border militancy-India’s Foreign Minister recently reiterated the need for a “solution” to this issue-New Delhi’s own actions have not been beyond reproach. The revelation that Indian intelligence was operating a network of assassins within Pakistan highlights this point. Both nations face a choice: continue their adversarial policies or engage in sincere dialogue to address longstanding issues. Key areas of contention include security, water disputes, and the Kashmir conflict. These issues, while complex, can be managed through committed and continuous dialogue if there is a genuine desire on both sides. Expectations for an immediate thawing of relations are low. However, there is hope that both governments will initiate steps toward normalization. Restoring full diplomatic ties and discreetly starting back-channel dialogues could be initial moves in this direction. In a world increasingly marked by conflict, South Asia’s two largest powers have a unique opportunity to embark on a path to peace. The history of Indo-Pak relations is steeped in conflict and mistrust, stemming from the partition of British India in 1947. The recent exchange of messages between Pakistani leaders and Narendra Modi, though symbolic, highlights the complexities of Indo-Pak relations. Since then, the two nations have fought multiple wars and have had numerous skirmishes, particularly over the disputed region of Kashmir. This historical baggage continues to influence contemporary politics and diplomatic interactions. Modi’s tenure has seen a hardening of India’s stance towards Pakistan. The 2016 surgical strikes and the 2019 Balakot airstrike were significant escalations that further strained relations. Pakistan, on its part, has accused India of sponsoring terrorism on its soil, a claim that India vehemently denies. The cycle of accusations and counter-accusations has created an environment where dialogue seems almost impossible. The security concerns highlighted by Modi are a critical aspect of Indo-Pak relations. India accuses Pakistan of harboring and supporting militant groups that carry out attacks on Indian soil. Pakistan, in turn, accuses India of fomenting unrest in its territories, particularly in Balochistan. This security dilemma is compounded by the nuclear capabilities of both nations. The presence of nuclear weapons adds a layer of complexity and danger to the conflict, making the need for dialogue and de-escalation even more urgent. However, achieving this requires overcoming deep-seated mistrust and finding common ground. The strained relations have significant economic and social impacts on both countries. Trade between India and Pakistan remains minimal despite the potential for substantial economic benefits. Improved relations could open up trade routes, increase economic cooperation, and boost the economies of both nations. Additionally, people-to-people contacts, cultural exchanges, and tourism could foster greater understanding and reduce hostilities. International actors, including major powers like the United States and China, as well as organizations like the United Nations, play a role in Indo-Pak relations. These actors can influence the dynamics through diplomatic pressure, mediation, and support for dialogue. However, the primary responsibility for peace rests with India and Pakistan. For any meaningful progress, both nations need to take concrete steps towards normalization. These steps could include: 1. Resuming Diplomatic Talks: Reestablishing diplomatic channels and engaging in regular talks at various levels of government. 2. Confidence-Building Measures: Implementing measures to build trust, such as ceasefires, joint military exercises, and cooperation in areas of mutual interest. 3. Economic Cooperation: Enhancing trade and economic ties, which can create interdependencies and incentives for maintaining peace. 4. People-to-People Contacts: Promoting cultural exchanges, easing visa restrictions, and encouraging tourism to build mutual understanding and goodwill. The recent exchange of messages between Pakistani leaders and Narendra Modi, though symbolic, highlights the complexities of Indo-Pak relations. The road ahead is challenging, and significant obstacles remain. However, with sincere efforts, pragmatic steps, and a genuine desire for peace, both nations can work towards resolving their differences and fostering a stable and prosperous South Asia. In an increasingly volatile world, the importance of dialogue and cooperation cannot be overstated. Indo-Pak relations have the potential to shape the future of the region, and both nations must seize this opportunity to build a legacy of peace and progress. The writer is a freelance columnist.