Daily Times

Due to Feudalism Western Europe was partitioned into many local borders. Feudalism in Rome began in the times of emperors. In third and fourth century when the empire faced a huge setback in agricultural productions; Roman regime of that time forcibly detained too many labourers at agricultural lands as bonded labour, whom they used to call ‘Serfs’. Moreover, Priests of Christian churches and German Tribalism also endorsed feudalism during those days.

Presently, Rabdino Mallah, a student of class 4 and dweller of a small feudal state of Sindh, doesn’t have any idea about feudalism and its historical background but he very well remembers an occurrence of his birth time, which was told to him by his family members.

Rabdino said, “When I was born, my father was a peasant at the land of a local feudal lord. That feudal lord didn’t have any offspring so he forced my father to sell me, but my father refused his proposal. I wish!, if my father had sold me to that feudal lord, today I have all those expensive toys and other luxurious facilities of life, for which my parents are struggling for a long time’.

It’s not only one Rabdino; there are so many Rabdinos who have thoughts like this little boy, they don’t have any idea about lethal feudalistic mindsets.

When the empire of the ancestors of King Charlemagne or Charles — the great, who were called ‘Carolingian Kings’, was folded in 843 AD, a new governmental system was introduced on the basis of land ownership and individual nepotism which was called ‘feudalism’.

In feudalism, the authority of governing the people was shifted from top government entities to bottom level local landlords. During the medieval century, those local lords were actually the landlords who used to rule over the people. Moreover, Priests of Christian churches and German Tribalism also endorsed feudalism during those days. He, who got the land from his landlord, was called ‘Beli’, which means ‘Dhan Bharo’ in Sindhi or ‘slave’.

A landlord used to take the oath to safeguard his ‘Beli’ and his family incase a foreign invasion occurred. While in return the ‘Beli’ was supposed to serve as a soldier in the military, pay taxes to his landlord, protect his landlord, and serve food.

French Revolution and Chinese Revolution were two most successful uprisings against feudalism in the history

In the beginning, the inflexible duties of both landlords and ‘Belis’ were not considered as hereditary but soon after it became a part of Roman custom and tradition that in case if a ‘Beli’ dies his descendants will hereditary start following the same lane of action, which was serving the landlord whole the life. In no time the inflexible duties were became hereditary duties throughout the Roman Empire.

There came a time in Western Europe, when most lands were appeared under the custody of churches. The emperor’s economy was become completely reliant on feudal lords. Almost all the facilities which were being generated in the states were ruled by feudal lords.

Feudalism made a development in the times when the cities of Europe were becoming smaller in size and decreasing in number as compared to earlier times. German invasions had given birth to economic downfall. After the collapse of the Roman Empire, most of the people of Western Europe became ‘Serfs’ and started living under the authority of feudal lords.

There was a significant classification in between well off emperors and poor peasants. Kings and feudal lords were classified as ‘Emperor class’. Their status was also royal and of emperor class and it became hereditary as their offspring also became entitled to be called of the same class. Education and arts were not compulsory for the children of Emperor Class. Only priests and authorities of churches were used to be educated. Bishops and priests of higher ranks were used to spend life like well off feudal lords.

Most of the priests of small churches were from lower class whereas peasants were considered as lowest class. As they didn’t have their own lands so income from ‘Batyo’ were given to them for survival. Serfs or peasants had to work on those lands compulsory till their deaths and they were not authorized to leave the lands without the permission of their lords.

Along with working on the lands, peasants of that time used to make bridges and carryout wood work. They also used to work on flour mills, alcoholic factories and serve meal. The rooms of those castles used to be cool and well decorated. During winters, they used to fire up the stoves so that the rooms could be warmed. As the use of chimneys was not initiated till the 14 Century, so the smoke used to remain in rooms during that time.

After that they introduced the trend of lending agricultural land. In such equitable circumstances, the anarchy and terror was used to spread over in Rome which provided the foundation to Scandinavians to invade Rome and finally Rome broke into pieces. When feudalism started reaching other parts of the world; pioneered by Roman Emperors, people started crying over this imbalance act of power which gave birth to mighty revolutions against feudalism in the world. French Revolution and Chinese Revolution were two most successful uprisings against feudalism in the history.

The writer is a freelance columnist and he can be reached at abbaskhaskheli110@gmail.com)

Published in Daily Times, November  12^th 2018.