Charles Matthew secures his beret, slings a rifle over his shoulder and prepares a team for an overnight foot patrol in Bire Kpatous, one of South Sudan’s game reserves that survived the country’s civil war but are now increasingly threatened by poachers and encroaching human settlements. Matthew, 45, said he’s proud of his work after years of being a soldier and has learned a lot about wildlife. “I didn’t even know the names of species like aardvark, pangolin, crocodile and chimpanzee,” he said of his knowledge when he started as a ranger 14 years ago. But he worries about the reserve: “When poachers come and are well-armed, we can’t get there in time.” South Sudan is trying to rebuild its six national parks and 13 game reserves, which cover more than 13% of the country’s terrain, following the five-year civil war that ended last year after killing nearly 400,000 people. A fragile peace deal still has key steps to carry out. The fighting stripped the country of much wildlife and the parks are rudimentary, lacking lodges, visitors’ centers and roads. There is no significant tourism; the parks department does not even keep statistics on the number of visitors. “Given these challenges, the biodiversity of South Sudan is in peril,” said DeeAnn Reeder, a conservationist and professor at Bucknell University who has done research there. She called conservation efforts “significant but relatively small in scale given the vastness of the country” that still has the potential for surprise. The documentation of forest elephants in South Sudan was a “very significant find.” That biodiversity remains rich with more than 300 mammal species, including 11 primates. The country boasts one of Africa’s greatest annual antelope migrations. Now the biggest threat to the country’s wildlife is poaching, the scourge that afflicts parks and reserves across Africa. Bire Kpatous, near the Congo border and a convergence point for flora and fauna from Central and East Africa, has one of the region’s “forgotten forests,” as some conservationists call them. It is home to animals such as bongo antelopes, badger bats, African golden cats, forest elephants and forest buffalos. The spread of unlicensed firearms, however, threatens to decimate wildlife while the resources to combat it are scarce. South Sudan’s government allocated nearly $6 million for the parks and reserves last year, a figure considered woefully inadequate by some local authorities. Western Equatoria state, where Bire Kpatous is located, has just one car for the 184 rangers overseeing three game reserves and one national park.