When Turks head to the polls on Sunday to decide a historic presidential election, the Kremlin will be hoping they give long-standing leader Recep Tayyip Erdogan a convincing victory, observers say.
The winner will have leverage over key areas for Moscow, such as Russia’s large-scale military campaign in Ukraine, the war in Syria and the Kremlin’s standoff with NATO. Erdogan, 69, who has ruled Turkey for two decades, won the first round earlier in May, even though polls showed him trailing his 74-year-old rival Kemal Kilicdaroglu. For the Kremlin, Erdogan is a known quantity who has collaborated closely with Russian President Vladimir Putin over the past 20 years, while Kilicdaroglu has recently blamed Moscow for meddling in the vote.
“Russia must have breathed a sigh of relief,” a Western diplomat who has worked in Turkey and Russia told AFP, referring to the outcome of the first round on May 14. Erdogan and Putin — despite backing opposing players in conflicts in the Middle East and the ex-Soviet Caucasus region — have developed close ties over years of working together. Even the Turkish leader himself hailed his “special relationship” with Putin during a recent interview with US broadcaster CNN. “Russia and Turkey need each other in every field possible,” Erdogan said.
In a world where Moscow and Ankara are both sceptical of Western military, political and economic dominance, Putin and Erdogan see each other as reliable partners. “They are incredibly similar to each other with respect to their political mentality, their style and their relation to the outside world,” independent political analyst Arkady Dubnov told AFP. They both “sincerely despise the West’s liberal values”, he added. Yet Putin and Erdogan have not always seen eye to eye, and each leader threw his political and military clout behind rival camps when conflicts broke out in Syria, Libya and Nagorno-Karabakh. When Turkey mistakenly shot down a Russian fighter jet near the Syrian border in 2015, Putin described the incident as a “stab in the back”.
Still, when Erdogan faced down an attempted coup less than a year later, Putin was the first leader to offer his support in a telephone call. And despite their divergent positions, they have been able to find common ground. “There are many contradictions in their interests,” Fyodor Lukyanov, a foreign policy expert close to the Kremlin, told AFP. “But the personal, long-standing relationship between the two leaders helps a lot,” he said. “They are able to find a way forward on a variety of issues.” The Western diplomat who spoke to AFP described the leaders’ relationship as pragmatic. “They’re very good at compartmentalising: differences are put aside and they work together where their interests are aligned,” the diplomat said on condition of anonymity.
“There is no ‘bromance’ between Erdogan and Putin, it’s purely transactional,” he added. Putin’s decision to send troops to Ukraine last year has given Turkey — a member of the NATO defence alliance — the opportunity to mediate between Western countries and an increasingly isolated Kremlin. While Turkey has delivered drones to Kyiv, it has refused to join sanctions against Moscow. It has become an important, alternative transit hub for heavily sanctioned Russian exports, attracting investments and buying gas at knockdown prices. Alongside the UN last year, Erdogan brokered the Black Sea grain deal that unlocked Ukrainian exports from three ports, easing fears of a global food crisis. But a victory for Western-sympathetic Kilicdaroglu could threaten the established relationship, analysts say.